Showing posts with label Biogas. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Biogas. Show all posts

Monday, August 1, 2011

Biogas

biogas

Agro Industries | Biogas | Biogas typically refers to gas produced by biological degradation of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas is derived from natural materials and the type of biofuel. Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion or fermentation of biodegradable materials such as biomass, manure, sewage, municipal waste, green waste, vegetable and plants. Biogas is composed primarily of methane and carbon dioxide, and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulfide, moisture and siloxanes.

biogas

Biogas can provide a clean, easily controlled renewable energy from organic waste to a little work, firewood, or replacement of fossil fuels (which will become more expensive as supply lags behind demand). During the conversion levels of pathogens are reduced and plant nutrients more readily available, to better crops can be grown, while existing resources are preserved.

biogas

The gases methane, hydrogen and carbon monoxide can be combusted or oxidized with oxygen. This energy release allows biogas to be used as a fuel. Biogas can be used as a fuel in any country for any heating purpose, such as cooking. It can also be used in anaerobic digesters where it is typically used in a gas engine to convert the energy in the gas into electricity and heat. Biogas can be compressed, much like natural gas, and used to power motor vehicles. In the UK, for example, It is estimated to have the potential to replace around 17% of vehicle fuel. Biogas is a renewable fuel, so it qualifies for renewable energy subsidies in some parts of the world. Biogas can also be cleaned and upgraded to natural gas standards when it becomes biomethane.

biogas

Biogas is practically produced as landfill gas (LFG) or digester gas.

biogas

A biogas plant is the name often given to an anaerobic digester that treats farm wastes or energy crops.

biogas

Since small scale units can be relatively simple to build and operate biogas should be used directly if possible (for cooking, heating, lighting and absorption refrigeration), since both electricity generation and compression of gas (for storage or use in vehicles) use large amounts of energy for a small output of useful energy. This concept is suited to "distributed" systems where waste is treated near the source, and sludge is also reused locally, to minimise transport and initial capital cost compared to a "centralised" system. As the distributed system will need a support network biogas contributes to the "triple bottom line"; benefiting the environment, reducing costs and contributing to the social structure.

biogas

Biogas can be produced utilizing anaerobic digesters. These plants can be fed with energy crops such as maize silage or biodegradable wastes including sewage sludge and food waste. During the process, an air-tight tank transforms biomass waste into methane producing renewable energy that can be used for heating, electricity, and many other operations that use any variation of an internal combustion engine, such as GE Jenbacher gas engines. There are two key processes: Mesophilic and Thermophilic digestion. In experimental work at University of Alaska Fairbanks, a 1000 litre digester using psychrophiles harvested from "mud from a frozen lake in Alaska" has produced 200–300 litres of methane per day, about 20–30 % of the output from digesters in warmer climates.

biogas

Landfill gas is produced by wet organic waste decomposing under anaerobic conditions in a landfill. The waste is covered and mechanically compressed by the weight of the material that is deposited from above. This material prevents oxygen exposure thus allowing anaerobic microbes to thrive. This gas builds up and is slowly released into the atmosphere if the landfill site has not been engineered to capture the gas. Landfill gas is hazardous for three key reasons. Landfill gas becomes explosive when it escapes from the landfill and mixes with oxygen. The lower explosive limit is 5% methane and the upper explosive limit is 15% methane. The methane contained within biogas is 20 times more potent as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. Therefore uncontained landfill gas which escapes into the atmosphere may significantly contribute to the effects of global warming. In addition landfill gas' impact in global warming, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contained within landfill gas contribute to the formation of photochemical smog.

biogas

Basic Biogas provides some introductory material, the Safety page provides some important information, Science Fair Projects and the Poly Digester pages give ideas about smaller projects and Anaerobic Digestion gives a bit more detail and information about larger projects. - AGRO INDUSTRIES

Biogas

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Wednesday, June 22, 2011

Application of Biogas Technology in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Biogas Technology Application
Application of Biogas Technology in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia - The spirit of the government to streamline the budget by reducing subsidies gradually lead to the development of alternative fuel and renewable energy sectors. Biogas technology is a very old technology that was developed and used in various countries since decades ago. The technology is easily applied and operated even in different parts of the world, from rurals of Africa with a very-simple technique, to industrial scale in country like Germany. The biogas technology is very suitable developed in West Nusa Tenggara (NTB), as the NTB is one of the largest cattle-producing center in Indonesia.

Besides to the potential of biogas application that is feasible (easily constructed), biogas production also provide economic value-added for society as a ready means of energy providers. Based on the calculation of the utilization of manure from two cattles, the biogas production can reach 1 m3 per day. One metric ton (1 m3) of biogas is equivalent to:
  • 60-100 watt light bulb for 6 hours.
  • 5-6 hours to cook using gas stoves
  • Equivalent to 0.7 liters of gasoline
  • Able to produce 1.25 kwh electricity

Biogas is a gaseous mixture of methane (60-70%), CO2 and other gases generated by bacterial methanogenesis found in swamps and ruminants stomachs like cattles and buffaloes.
Biogas formed through three stages: hydrolysis, acidification (acidification), and methanogenesis. In the hydrolysis stage, the molecules of oxidized enzymatically into short molecules. These short-chain molecules is degraded further into organic acids by acetogenic bacteria. Furthermore, organic acids are degraded into methane. The entire gas produced in the third stage of the process is called biogas.

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Thursday, June 9, 2011

canadian biogas development, biogas from sewage

biogas-from-sewage
canadian biogas development, biogas from sewage - Metro finds way to boost energy output from sewage: Fat and grease from slaughtered animals is now helping generate more biogas at Metro Vancouver's Annacis Island sewage treatment plant.

The methane-rich gas is so far burned to generate electricity for the plant in Delta, but could in the future be cleaned and sold into the natural gas distribution grid to heat local homes.

Waste grease from renderers arrives in tanker trucks at the plant and is added to digester tanks where bacteria treat sewage and burp out biogas as a byproduct.

The $2.6-million pilot project to add grease and fats to the process began in April.

It's so far yielding an extra 8,000 cubic metres of biogas per day and is expected to boost biogas production 20 per cent overall.

"It's working very smoothly," said Paul Lam, Metro's waste water treatment division manager.

Metro estimates the project will pay for itself within eight to 12 years, based on the value of the electricity or biogas produced and the tipping fees the region charges suppliers to dispose of the fat.

Engineers also plan to test out the use of brown grease from restaurants as another way to produce more biogas at Annacis.

Restaurant grease also goes to biodiesel makers and Lam acknowledge that could put Metro in "a little" competition with them.

But he said suppliers would ultimately go to the cheapest place for disposal.

Similar co-digestion projects exist in Europe and parts of the U.S. but Metro is one of the only operators using the technology in Canada.

The use of captured biogas – a powerful greenhouse biogas – helps Metro reduce its carbon emissions by offsetting the burning of fossil fuels.

"Selling the gas would generate more carbon credits than the electricity," Lam said, but added the power produced on site is an important backup source in case of outages.

Other treatment plants in the region, including Lions Gate on the North Shore, also capture biogas but Annacis is the first to supplement the feedstock with grease.

Metro is committed to recovering more energy from its sewage under its now-approved Liquid Waste and Resource Management Plan.

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Friday, May 20, 2011

How to Start Building a Generator of Biogas

Biogas-Generator
How to Start Building a Generator of Biogas - A generator of biomass is an alternative energy source. When the bacteria consume and digest the organic matter produced by-products are methane, carbon dioxide and trace amounts of other gases. Methane is an energy source that can produce energy when burned. As energy costs increase rapidly, biomass is becoming a viable alternative to conventional energy production. You can build a biomass generator for biogas yourself, here's how.

How to Start Building a Generator of Biogas
  1. Identify the source of biomass, which you can use the generator. Set this part of the biomass of species available. You must also decide that the source that you select has the ability to produce energy as you need.
  2. Pick up the pieces to build your own biogas generator. The larger the generator, the greater the amount of methane is produced. When he returns, it determines the power available.
  3. The size of the generator and increase the biomass generator, a lot of distilled water. Stir to distribute evenly and close the lid. Make an airtight seal is in place. When oxygen is used, the process becomes aerobic and anaerobic conditions. anaerobic processes are those that produce methane by-product.
  4. tank cap heat generator to keep the bacteria in an environment beneficial. Food intermittent "brew" of new foods. Almost all types of organic matter serve as food source for bacteria.
  5. Make sure the steam generator to power both a storage tank or a floating balloon expandable. storage of compressed biogas requires a lot of power to achieve a vacuum generator of biomass.

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4 Easy Steps To Make Homemade Biogas Plant

homemade-biogas-plant
4  Easy Steps To Make Homemade Biogas Plant - The biogas generated when organic matter such as manure or kitchen waste are decomposed because of the lack of oxygen. This decomposition of organic material leads to a mixture of methane by about 70 per cent and 30 per cent carbon dioxide mixed with several other trace elements. This mixture can be used for cooking fuel or the power of certain types of engines. Although challenging, you can make your own homade biogas plant at home and take advantage of this energy source.

Things you will need to make homemade biogas plant:
  • Barrel
  • Large ball-shaped building
  • Pipes
  • Energy efficient pump
  • Organic waste
  • Shovel

4  Easy Steps To Make Homemade Biogas Plant:
  1. Dig a hole that is about half as deep as the barrel. Place the barrel to serve as a digester, so half of it is on the ground. This helps maintain a constant temperature, so that waste can be fermented.
  2. Use the large ship-shaped ball that central storage device to hold the gas. Install the ship at a higher level than the reactor so that gas will be pumped up.
  3. Connect the tubing pump power saving mode. Use the pipes to connect the power saving mode, the pump barrel and the barrel of a tank. The pump is supported moving the gas storage vessel. You can connect the house to use the tank for fuel storage.
  4. Place organic material digester. Leave the kettle intact for at least eight hours to visit the organic matter.

Note:
Allow at least three inches of space above the reactor to ensure that there is room for air in the barrel.
Small pieces of organic matter decomposes more quickly, so you'll tear the scraps into small pieces before putting them in the kettle

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Monday, January 10, 2011

Development of Biogas as Potential of Alternative Energy in Indonesia

The cycle of Biogas
Development of Biogas as Potential of Alternative Energy in Indonesia - The reduction in fossil energy reserves of the world, including in Indonesia, forcing all parties to seek solutions to these problems. Various alternative energy sources have been tested and researched, one of which is biogas.

Use of biogas as an alternative energy in Indonesia is very possible to be applied in society, especially now fuel prices are more expensive and sometimes scarce existence. The amount of the potential for solid waste biomass in Indonesia is 49807.43 MW. Biomass such as wood, from the activities of the forest processing industry, agriculture and farming, animal manure, such as faecal of cow, buffalo, horses, and pigs are also found in almost of all Indonesian provinces with different qualities. At this time biomass  as a source of raw material of biogas is available in abundance and not fully utilized (Supardjo, 2005).

In general, the use of agricultural waste as raw material is more difficult to process to be biogas than the manure. The time required for the hydrolysis of cellulose from agricultural waste materials is longer than manure.

Simplify diagram of biogas digester
Several programs have been implemented by the Indonesian government to increase the use of biogas technology, such as installation and demonstration training for people to operate digester. In 1984, the number of digester that has been built in Indonesia only 100 units. Nine years later reaches 350 units (Wiloso et al., 1995). The non-significant of increasing the number of digesters due to the high cost to build the digester installation. This technology is already widely used by cattle farmers in the area Boyolali since the 1990s and still operates to this day. Research conducted in 2000 to produce biogas digester design made of plastic material and in 2005 the design is marketed at a price of 1.5 million rupiahs per installation is expected to increase the interest of farmers to use it (Aprianti, 2005).

In 2005, cattle farmers in Lembang, Bandung District began using biogas technology with digester made of 250 micron plastic. About 66 cattle farmers in the area of Subang, Garut and Tasikmalaya also been using digester with a capacity of 5000 liters. This condition is expected to occur also in farm areas outside of Java.

Biogas digester design
made of plastic material
Research on anaerobic digestion technology that has lasted more advanced in recent years. The study was conducted by private companies, scientific community, education institutions, and cooperation between industry and government. The benefits of anaerobic digestion is determined on improving the process of generating a higher biogas per m3 of biomass and the increasing degree of degradation. Further benefits can also be enhanced with the process of effluent conversion into more valuable products (Hartmann and Ahring, 2005). The study proceed several patented system which provides several advantages in system efficiency, size, capital costs, treatment flexibility, process stability and operating costs.

A research was conducted in the United States on feasibility of fuelcell technology to convert biogas into electrical energy. Today the technology is not yet economically feasible, but is expected sometime in 2010 is to be used. Compared with diesel generators, fuelcells more efficiently convert biogas into electrical energy (10- 30%: 40-50%) (Aldrich et al., 2005).

Biogas technology is a technology that can be used anywhere as long as there is supply availability of waste to be processed and has enough water. In developed countries the development of biogas technology in line with the development of other technologies. For the conditions in Indonesia, biogas technology can be built with collective ownership and maintained together. Some of the reasons why the use of biogas has not been popular among ranchers or if there are many who no longer operate, that is, less socialization, less practical applied technology and need careful maintenance and a lack of knowledge of farmers about the maintenance of the digester.

by: Harrys, 01/10/11

References:
  1. Aldrich, B., S. Minott and N. Scott. 2005. Feasibility of fuel cells for biogas energy conversion on dairy farms. Manure Management Program.
  2. Aprianti, Y. 2005. Andrias Wiji Setio Pamuji : Penemu reaktor biogas. Kompas 15 Agustus 2005.
  3. Hartmann, H. dan B.K. Ahring. 2005. The future biogas productions.
  4. Soepardjo, A.H. 2005. Energi baru dan terbarukan. Kompas 24 Oktober 2005.
  5. Wiloso, E.I., T. Basuki  and S. Aiman. 1995. Utilization of agricultural wastes for biogas production in Indonesia. Proc. of the UNESCO - University of Tsukuba International Seminar on Traditional Technology for Environmental Conservation and Sustainable Development in the Asian-Pacific region, Tsukuba Science City . Japan 11 - 14 Dec, 1995.
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Wednesday, December 1, 2010

Indonesian Oil Palm Industry have to be "Zero Waste"

Oil palm plant
Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture requested the palm oil processing industry to apply the pattern does not generate waste or "zero waste" from its production.

Director General of Plantation of Agriculture Ministry, Achmad Mangga Barani  said the palm oil industry to utilize the waste from the processing of either solid or liquid into a more useful products.

He said that all this waste was not taken and just dumped and hoped oil palm plant is really zero waste.

He added that one of the benefits of palm oil processing waste is utilized to biogas processing which is capable of generating electricity that can be used for industry or sold to the public.

According to him, to large scale oil palm industry, which has a capacity of more than 30 tonnes of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) per hour, so far generally has utilized their wastes then no waste products that damage the environment.

As for medium-scale palm oil mill, has not been much work on sewage treatment because they still concentrate on producing crude palm oil or only palm oil.


Oil palm fruit
He thought that it would be nice if all such companies processed the waste, because it all  will be a "zero waste", all the components that processed  has no waste at all.
Meanwhile, according to PT Eka Bukit Creative Energy of Indonesia, as the largest oil palm industry country in the world's, the national CPO production reached 20 million tons per year from an area of 7.12 million ha.

Meanwhile, the number of  palm oil mills (POM) is more than 400 units with an installed capacity of 16 thousand of FFB per hour appeared to have potential to generate enormous waste that is 0.53 cubic meters of liquid waste / tonne of FFB processed and 0.25 tons EFB / ton FFB processed.

He said that wastes must be managed in accordance with regulations and laws in force which means this is a cost for the company.

Companies engaged in renewable energy, particularly in the field of biodiesel, bioethanol, biogas, biomass and CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) was introduced biodigestor to address waste from palm oil processing which can produce electricity.

He explained that the processing of palm oil waste into biogas not only reduce the cost of waste disposal but could produce economic benefits.

He gave an example that for the POM with a capacity of 30 tonnes FFB per hour or 146 thousand tons / year,  then approximately 94,900 cubic meters of wastewater produced per year can produce 1.55 cubic meters of methane (CH4).

From that much production of CH4, it can produce electricity for 5.12 million kwh / year or 1 MW and if each kwh sold worth 0.08 U.S. dollars revenue. It will get 410 thousand U.S. dollars / year.

And for the rest of dry waste that is generated when processed into electricity with the boiler system will generate additional electricity for a total of 1.5 kw to 2.5 kw with a total income of 1.36 million U.S. dollars.

Translated by: harrys

Wednesday, September 1, 2010

Homemade Biogas

biogas-production-cycle
Homemade Biogas | about biogas, biogas plant, about biogas plant, biogas plants, biomass biogas, biogas biomass, biomass and biogas, biomass to biogas, biogas from biomass, what is Biogas ? Biogas is actually a mixture of gases, usually carbon dioxide and methane. It is produced by a few kinds of microorganisms, usually when air or oxygen is absent. (The absence of oxygen is called “anaerobic conditions.”) Animals that eat a lot of plant material, particularly grazing animals such as cattle, produce large amounts of biogas. The biogas is produced not by the cow or elephant, but by billions of microorganisms living in its digestive system. Biogas also develops in bogs and at the bottom of lakes, where decaying organic matter builds up under wet and anaerobic conditions.

Besides being able to live without oxygen, methane producing microorganisms have another special feature :

They are among the very few creatures that can digest cellulose, the main ingredient of plant fibres. Another special feature of these organisms is that they are very sensitive to conditions in their environment, such as temperature, acidity, the amount of water, etc.

Biogas is a Form of Renewable Energy

Flammable biogas can be collected using a simple tank, as shown here. Animal manure is stored in a closed tank where the gas accumulates. It makes an excellent fuel for cook stoves and furnaces, and can be used in place of regular natural gas, which is a fossil fuel.

Biogas is considered to be a source of renewable energy. This is because the production of biogas depends on the supply of grass, which usually grows back each year. By comparison, the natural gas used in most of our homes is not considered a form of renewable energy. Natural gas formed from the fossilized remains of plants and animals-a process that took millions of years. These resources do not “grow back” in a time scale that is meaningful for humans.

Biogas is Not New

People have been using biogas for over 200 years. In the days before electricity, biogas was drawn from the underground sewer pipes in London and burned in street lamps, which were known as “gaslights.” In many parts of the world, biogas is used to heat and light homes, to cook, and even to fuel buses. It is collected from large-scale sources such as landfi lls and pig barns, and through small domestic or community systems in many villages. For more information about biogas, read the backgrounder entitled Biomass Energy.

Built It

The apparatus you are going to build uses a discarded 18 litre water container as the “digester.” A mixture of water and animal manure will generate the methane, which you will collect in a plastic balloon. The 18 litre water container performs the same task as the stomach of a livestock animal by providing the warm, wet conditions favored by the bacteria that make the methane.

Safety Precautions

The main hazards in this activity are from sharp tools such as tubing cutters and scissors. Exercise caution while using any tool. There is no risk of explosion due to the leakage of methane because the gas develops so slowly that it dissipates long before it can reach flammable concentrations in room air. Exercise the normal precautions in the use of Bunsen burners: keep hair and clothing away from the burner while it is lit.

Tools
  • Tubing cutter
  • Scissors
  • Adjustable wrench
  • Rubber gloves
  • Electric drill with ¼” bit, or cork borer
  • Hot glue gun, with glue sticks
  • Electrical or duct tape
  • Sandpaper (metal fi le will also work)
Materials
  • Used 18L clear plastic water bottle
  • Large Mylar helium balloon Plastic water bottle cap (with the “no-spill” insert-see photo)
  • Copper tubing (40 cm long, 6.5mm (1/4”) inside diameter)
  • T-connector for plastic tubing (barbed, 6mm or ¼” long)
  • 1 cork (tapered, 23mm long)
  • Clear vinyl tubing (1.5 m long, 4mm or ¼-inch inside diameter)
  • 2 barb fi ttings (¼” x ¼”)
  • Ball valve (1/4”)
  • 6-8 L manure pellets (goat, sheep, ilama, rabbit, or other ruminant)
  • Rubber gloves
  • Large plastic funnel (can be made from a 4 L plastic milk jug with bottom removed)
  • Wooden dowelling or stick (30 to 50 cm long, 2-3 cm thick)
Sources
  • Water bottle : Many hardware and grocery stores now sell purifi ed water that they bottle on site. They often collect containers that can no longer berefi lled because of dirt or damage to the bottle. These unrefi llable bottles are frequently available for free.
  • Ask to speak to the clerk in charge of refi lling bottles.
  • Ask for a used cap as well.
  • Mylar balloons: Check with any local fl orist or novelty store.
  • Tubing, valves, T-connectors, barb fi ttings: Check at your local hardware or plumbing supply store.
  • Manure: If you do not know someone who has domesticated rabbits, sheep, ilamas or other similar pellet-producing animals, you can often purchase sheep or steer manure by the bag at your local garden center.
A. Prepare the biogas collection system
Mylar-Balloon-Biogas
  1. Cut a 20cm piece of copper tubing. Round off the sharp edges of the freshly cut tubing using sandpaper or a metal file.
  2. The Mylar balloon has a sleeve-like valve that prevents helium from escaping once it is filled. This sleeve will help form a leak-proof seal around the rigid tubing. Push the tubing into the neck of the balloon, past the end of the sleeve, leaving about 2 cm protruding from the neck of the balloon, as shown below.
  3. Test the tube to be sure air can enter and leave the balloon freely, by blowing a little in through the tube. The balloon should inflate with little or no resistance, and the air should be able to escape easily through the tube.
  4. Securely tape the neck of the balloon to the tube as shown in the illustration.
  5. Using a drill or cork borer, make a small (4mm) hole in the center of the stopper. Add a few drops of hot glue around and inside the hole and insert the stem of the ¼-inch T-adapter into the cork.
  6. Screw the two barb fittings into the body of the ball valve. Tighten with the adjustable wrench.
  7. Cut two sections of vinyl tubing, each 25cm long. Use them to connect the balloon to the T-adapter, and to connect the ball valve to the Bunsen burner. Assemble the rest of the gas collection system according to the diagram below.
B. Prepare the manure mixture
Biogas Manure
  1. This is a job best done outside, with rubber gloves ! 
  2. Cut the bottom off a 4L plastic milk jug to make a wide-mouthed funnel. 
  3. Place the funnel into the neck of the plastic water bottle and scoop in small amounts of manure.
  4. Use a stick or piece of dowelling to push the manure through the neck of the bottle if it gets plugged.
  5. Add enough water to bring the level close to the top of the water bottle.
  6. Use the stick to stir up the manure and water mixture, releasing any bubbles of air that might be trapped.
  7. Clean up carefully. Use soap and wash hands thoroughly.
C. Final Set-up
  1. Snap the cap onto the top of the manure-fi lled 18 litre water bottle. 
  2. Be sure the ball valve is closed, but that gas moving from the water bottle can pass freely through the T-adapter to the balloon.
  3. Set the biogas generator in a warm location, such as over a heat register or radiator or in a sunlit window. If the biogas generator is placed in a window, be sure to wrap the outside of the container in black plastic or construction paper, to discourage algae from growing inside the bottle.
Test It
plastic bag for biogas
  1. For the first few weeks, your biogas generator will produce mainly carbon dioxide. When the aerobic bacteria use up all the oxygen inside the bottle, the anaerobic bacteria, which make methane, can take over. It can take up to a month for the generator to start making biogas with enough methane to be fl ammable.When gas begins to accumulate in the balloon, test it by attempting to light the Bunsen burner. 
  2. First, open the clamp or valve so that biogas can flow back from the balloon to the Bunsen burner.
  3. Have a friend squeeze the Mylar balloon gently while you attempt to light the Bunsen burner with a match or spark igniter.
  4. If your Bunsen burner ignites, your biogas generator is a success !

Retrieved from : The Green Planet

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