7 Steps to Make Homemade Margarine

Margarine is originally made of cream and ox fat churned. The first margarine has produced since 1870. Margarine is easy to apply and can be used in many recipes. To make homemade margarine is a very easy, cheap and convenient alternative to store-bought variety.

Things to Prepare:

• 1 / 2 cup raw milk or soy milk
• 1 cup oil
• 1 teasp. liquid lecithin
• A jar or airtight container
• Dash of turmeric
• Flavorings (optional)
• Lemon juice
• Mixer or blender
• Salt to taste

7 Steps to Make Homemade Margarine:

1. Put the milk on a mixer or blender first to make it creamy. Mix on the maximum setting for about 1 minute.
2. Pour the olive oil and continue mixing until the mixture is emulsified. It takes a minute or two to mix the milk and oil together to achieve a consistency needed for smooth margarine.
3. Pour liquid lecithin. Lecithin is an emulsifier that keeps the milk and oil to separate, eliminating the need to remix margarine before each use.
4. Drop in lemon juice. The acidity in lemon juice helps to maintain the freshness of margarine.
5. Put a pinch of turmeric for coloring. Turmeric is concentrated, so it only takes a small amount.
6. Sprinkle a little salt and stir a few seconds to mix all ingredients well.
7. Place margarine in an airtight container or jar, then store it in refrigerator for up to 3 weeks.

8 Steps to Make Easy Homemade Butter

The butter is a product derived from milk that not too difficult to manufacture, especially with using of  the latest foods processing equipments. The butter produced from milk which comes from cows that fed with grass has much nutrition and very healthful and is regarded as a super-food by followers of native diet.

It is important to ensure that the raw milk is from excellent source to which instructions are adhered to and the whole operation is clean, because there is no heat treatment to produce butter.

Things to Prepare:

• Butter mold
• Mixer or blender
• Raw milk
• Salt
• Wooden spoons

8 Steps to Make Homemade Butter:

1. Allow raw milk to be put in the refrigerator in a glass container with a wide opening of one or two days, until the cream and the line of separation of milk is clearly visible.
2. Use a spoon or laddle to remove the cream from the top of the milk in a blender or mixer. Be careful not to fall below the threshold of cream, for example, add the milk will make the process longer. You want the thickest part of the best butter cream.
3. Put the mixer on its base, or the bowl of mixer with a  blender or whisk attachment and begin to treat the cream on low to medium speed.
4. Stop the blender occasionally and use a spatula to scrape the cream and lumps to the rest of the cream.
5. Watch for the forming of dense clumps and red globules. When the butter forms in a large group of clumps in the blender or mixer attachment, turn it off.
6. Drain the buttermilk (thin liquid) in a jar for future use (it's great for pancakes and waffles). Keep refrigerated.
7. Use a wooden spoon to press together the butter. Rub down the remaining buttermilk, add salt to taste, and rub down the salt into the butter.
8. Press the butter into mold or a class container. Cover and refrigerate before use.

5 Steps to Make Easy Homemade Strawberry Jam

The difficult thing in making strawberry jam is to strip off all strawberries. But it's worth the time! Unlike jams bought from store, homemade strawberry jam recipes have no preservatives and can be sweetened to taste, so makes the recipes both delicious and nutritious. This strawberry jam recipes yields eight (8 ounces) half pints.

Things to Prepare:

• 1 / 4 cup lemon juice
• 1 package powdered fruit pectin (thickening)
• 3 cups sugar
• 5 cups strawberries, washed and chopped
• Bowl (large)
• Ladle
• Pan
• Sterilized jars

5 Steps to Make Easy Homemade Strawberry Jam:

1. Wash and hull the strawberries, mashed in a large bowl, one layer at a time.
2. Mix strawberries and lemon juice in large saucepan. Gradually stir in pectin, bringing the mixture to a boil.
3. Add sugar, stirring to dissolve. Return mixture to a boil, stirring constantly for one minute. Remove from heat.
4. If necessary, skim foam from the mixture. Pour using ladle into sterilized jars. Wipe the rim of the jars before sealing. Process in a hot water bath for 10 minutes.
5. Remove and let cool for 12-24 hours. This allows time for acclimatization. Jam can be eaten when it is cooled and thickened, and lasts up to one year if stored in a cool place.

NOTE:

• During the boiling process, it can be added up to 1 / 2 teasp. margarine or butter to reduce foaming.
• You can combine other fruit of berries for fruiter taste, such as blueberries or raspberries.
• If the mixture does not thicken, make it as a delicious topping or preserves for cakes or ice cream.

How to Turn Cocoa Powder into Chocolate

There are hundreds of recipes that involve many kinds of sugar, milk and cocoa. Some of the enriched chocolate comes from recipes of cocoa. You need not to be an expert in the kitchen to conjure up a batch of chocolate. Use this chocolate to frost brownies, ice cream or even to eat like fudge.

Goods you should prepare:

• 1 teasp. pure vanilla extract
• 1 pound powdered sugar
• 1 stick margarine or butter
• 4 tabblesp. unsweetened cocoa powder
• 6 tabblesp. milk
• chopped nuts (optional)

Directions:

1. Place 1 stick of butter in a medium saucepan.
2. Add 4 tbsp. unsweetened cocoa powder and 6 tablespoons. milk. That's all boiling over medium-high heat.
3. Remove pan from heat and add 4 cups of powdered sugar. Stir until sugar is well blended. If you do not want lumps in your chocolate, sift powdered sugar first.
4. Stir in a c. tea. vanilla and chopped nuts or any nut.
5. Pour the chocolate over ice cream or spread on hot brownies.

How to Turn Corn Tortilla into Homemade Tortilla Chips

Restaurant and store-bought tortilla chips can not compare to fresh and more crunchy homemade tortilla chips. Tortilla chips are fast and easy to produce and you can use them in any recipe calls for tortilla chips. Fry or bake up some and enjoy it plain, with salsa and dips, or in a batch of nachos.

What you need:

• 1 quart. oil for frying
• 1 (12 ounce) package corn tortillas
• Salt to taste
• a large pot
• skimmer
• Cutting Board
• Knife
• Bowl

Directions:

1. Cut tortillas into wedges or strips.
2. Line a bowl with paper towels (to absorb excess oil).
3. Heat oil in large saucepan to about 375 degrees.
4. Fall of the tortillas in oil in small quantities. Brown.
5. Remove chips from the oil in a slotted spoon. Transfer to a bowl to cool.
6. Sprinkle with salt while still hot.
7. Repeat steps 4-6 with the remaining tortillas

Definition of Agro Industry Cluster

Cluster-based economic development, including agro industry cluster has received increasing attention from researchers and many organizations, including OECD, European Commission, the U.S. National Governors Association, and USAID. Also a large number of regions and nations have launched initiatives to develop or strengthen clusters.

The cluster concept is mainly motivated by the research work of Michael Porter. Porter (1990), clusters are groups of companies and institutions co-located in a specific geographic region and linked by interdependencies in providing a related group of products or services. "Because of the proximity, both in terms of geography and activities between them, voters take clustered economic benefits of various types of externalities of location.

Clusters arise because they increase productivity by allowing companies to compete. Development and improvement of the cluster is an important agenda for governments, businesses and other institutions. Cluster development initiatives are important new direction in economic policy, based on past actions and macroeconomic stabilization, privatization, open markets and reduce costs of doing business.

Investment Environment of Agricultural and Agro-industries Sector in Tajikistan

The government made some efforts to promote investment, but the bureaucratic process is arbitrary and restrictive. Although some foreign entities have invested in Tajikistan, the political and economic instability have discouraged a significant amount of foreign direct investment. Corruption and lack of democratic reform, deters investors from making investments and the slow pace of privatization, particularly for medium and large enterprises, must be kept low in the investment business. Other factors that prevent investors access to finance and weak public administration.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) said that residents and non-residents may hold foreign exchange accounts, though residents can not keep them abroad without the approval of the central bank. Restrictions on payments and transfers include quantitative limits on foreign workers' wages and conditions for repatriation. Many movements of capital required central bank approval.

Tajikistan banking system is weak and is formed by the central bank and 16 commercial banks. Commercial banks have focused on the supply of credit by the central bank for state enterprises in the agricultural and industrial sectors. The state controls most of the assets of the financial system. The banking system is largely ineffective and more people conduct business, including financial activities in the economy. bureaucratic corruption is the main obstacle to investment. The procedure for starting a business is both tedious and slow. Corruption, excessive regulation and absurd tax policies have frustrated the development of the private sector.

Tajikistan has the lowest average annual foreign direct investment since 1993, all members of the CIS. The civil war and unstable political situation was the main reason is the very low level of foreign direct investment. FDI stock in 1993, at the end of 2001 was U.S. $ 127 million, and gross FDI inflows in 2003 and 2004 were U.S. $ 31,600,000 and $ 22,400,000, respectively. Most foreign investment is concentrated in the textile agro-industries, and industries in which small-scale investments. The largest amount of FDI is concentrated in the textile sector with 44.6 per cent and the mining sector, where 42.1 percent of the total cumulative investment during 1993-2001.